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ROMAN Maximinus II AD 310-313 Bi Redused Nummus / GENIUS NGC (206)CLEANED UNCLEANED : Uncleaned CERTIFICATION NUMBER : 6156382 206 CERTIFICATION : NGC GRADE : NGC YEAR : 310 313 AD COMPOSITION : Billon RULER : Maximinus II DENOMINATION : Nummus KM NUMBER : 6156382 206 ERA : Ancient ROMAN EMPIRE Maximinus II Roman Emperor AD 310 313 BI REDUSED NUMMUS GRADED NGC Obverse: laureate head right. Reverse: Genius standing left, modius on head, with chlamys, patera from which liquor flows, and cornucopia. The Genius was a
- CLEANED/UNCLEANED : Uncleaned
- CERTIFICATION NUMBER : 6156382-206
- CERTIFICATION : NGC
- GRADE : NGC
- YEAR : 310-313 AD
- COMPOSITION : Billon
- RULER : Maximinus II
- DENOMINATION : Nummus
- KM NUMBER : 6156382-206
- ERA : Ancient
ROMAN EMPIRE
Maximinus II - Roman Emperor AD 310-313
BI REDUSED NUMMUS
GRADED NGC
Obverse: laureate head right.
Reverse: Genius standing left, modius on head, with chlamys, patera from which
liquor flows, and cornucopia.
The Genius was a protection spirit,
analogous to the guardian angels invoked by the Church of Rome. The belief in
such spirits existed in Greece and at Rome. The Greeks called them Daemons, and
appear to have believed in them from the earliest times, though Homer does not
mention them. Hesiod says that the Daemons were 30,000 in number, and that they
dwelled on earth unseen by mortals, as the ministers of Zeus, and as the
guardians of men and justice. He further conceives them to be the souls of the
righteous men who lived in the golden age of the world. The Greek philosophers
took up this idea, and developed a complete theory of daemons. Thus we read in
Plato, that daemons are assinged to men at the moment of their birth, that they
accompany men through life, and after death conduct their souls to Hades.
Pindar, in several passages of the spirit watching over the fate of man from the
hour of his birth. The daemons are further described as ministers and companions
of the gods, who carry the prayers of men to the gods, and the gifts of the gods
to men, and accordingly float in immense numbers in the space between heaven and
earth. There was also a distinct class of daemons, who were exclusively the
ministers of the gods.
The Romans seem to have received their notions respecting the genii from the
Etruscans, though the name Genius itself is Latin (it is connected with gi-gn-o,
gen-ui, and equivalent in meaning to generator or father). The genii of the
Romans are the powers which produce life (dii genitales), and accompany man
through it as his second or spiritual self. They were further not confined to
man, but every living being, animal as well as man, and every place had its
genius. Every human being at his birth obtained (sortitur) a genius, who he
worshipped as sanctus et sanctissimus deus, especially on his birthday, with
libations of wine, incense, and garlands of flowers. The bridal bed was sacred
to the genius, on account of his connection with generation, and the bed itself
was called lectus genialis. On other merry occasions, also , sacrifices were
offered to the genius, and to indulge in merriment was not unfrequently
expressed by genio indulgere, genium curare, or placarae. The whole body of the
Roman people had its own genius, who is often seen represented on coins of
Hadrian and Trajan. He was worshipped on sad as well as joyous occasions; thus,
sacrifices were offered to him at the beginning of the 2nd year of the war with
Hannibal. The genii are usually represented in works of art as winged beings.
The genius of a place appears in the form of a serpent eating fruit placed
before him.
Maximinus II (Latin: Gaius Valerius Galerius
Maximinus Daia Augustus; 20 November c. 270 - July or August 313), also known as
Maximinus Daia or Maximinus Daza, was Roman Emperor from 308 to 313. He became
embroiled in the Civil wars of the Tetrarchy between rival claimants for control
of the empire, in which he was defeated by Licinius. A committed pagan, he
engaged in one of the last persecutions of Christians.He was born of Dacian
peasant stock to the sister of the emperor Galerius near their family lands
around Felix Romuliana, a rural area then in the Danubian region of Moesia, now
Eastern Serbia.
He rose to high distinction after joining the army.
In 305, his maternal uncle Galerius became the eastern Augustus and adopted
Maximinus, raising him to the rank of caesar (in effect, the junior eastern
Emperor), and granting him the government of Syria and Egypt.In 308, after the
elevation of Licinius to Augustus, Maximinus and Constantine were declared filii
Augustorum ("sons of the Augusti"), but Maximinus probably started styling
himself after Augustus during a campaign against the Sassanids in 310. On the
death of Galerius in 311, Maximinus divided the Eastern Empire between Licinius
and himself. When Licinius and Constantine began to make common cause, Maximinus
entered into a secret alliance with the usurper Caesar Maxentius, who controlled
Italy. He came to an open rupture with Licinius in 313; he summoned an army of
70,000 men but sustained a crushing defeat at the Battle of Tzirallum in the
neighbourhood of Heraclea Perinthus on April 30. He fled, first to Nicomedia and
afterwards to Tarsus, where he died the following August. His death was
variously ascribed "to despair, to poison, and to the divine justice".
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